why is it important to reduce child mortalityneversink gorge trail map

border: 1px solid #e3e3e3; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 992px) { Neonates account for 45 percent of all deaths under age five years (Liu and others 2016 ); this share exceeds 50 percent in several regions (Lawn and others 2014 ). left: 5%; PRAMS collects state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. background: #009EDB; Figure 1: Rates of maternal mortality and years of education (1990-2010): All countries. vertical-align: middle; California Flooring & Design offers flooring designs in San Diego. /* -- begin added by Tulin -- */ War, political instability, malnutrition, small health budget and bad roads - reasons why the child mortality rate in the DR Congo ranks among the highest in the world are many. .blue-well ol, .blue-well ul { /* font-weight: bold; */ Child mortality is not only caused by infection and disorder: it is also caused by premature birth; birth defect; new born infection; birth complication; and diseases like malaria, sepsis, and diarrhea. There is a difference between causes of infant mortality and contributors to infant mortality. } Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Humanitarian Action for Children 2023 - Democratic Republic of the Congo, DR Congo : the ongoing emergency in Rutshuru, UNICEF DRC Humanitarian Situation Report No. While there were approximately 2.5 billion people living on our planet in 1950, the population doubled in only 37 years. width: 310px; Leading causes of death in children under-5 years are preterm birth complications, birth asphyxia/trauma, pneumonia, congenital anomalies, diarrhoea and malaria, all of which can be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions including immunization, adequate nutrition, safe water and food and quality care by a trained health provider when needed. In 2019, 122 countries have met the SDG target for under-5 mortality and a further 20 countries are expected to meet the target by 2030 if current trends continue. max-width: 60%; -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); Similarly, the boundaries and names shown, and the designations used, in maps or articles do not necessarily imply endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. .blue-well-header { Some of these disempowering policies and legal restrictions further hamper the delivery of life-saving services even in areas where Governments have no means to assist.Gaps in continuum of care in maternal, newborn and child health. }*/ background: rgba(77,77,77,0.9); But to reduce disparities, it's important to address social determinants of health that require more political solutions. border-bottom: none; margin: 4rem 0 auto 0; text-align: right; font-size: 4.5rem !important; @media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) { border-bottom: none; } vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; of deaths of Indigenous infants aged under 1 in 2015-2019 were due to conditions originating in the perinatal period. While coverage of comprehensive EmOC is generally adequate, that of basic EmOC in most countries assessed remains extremely low. But thats not fast enough, per the World Health Organization and other development agencies. Rumishael Shoo is Regional Advisor of Child Survival and Development, with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office. The countrys people have been suffering hard from rebellions, civil war and violence for a long period of time. border: none; In Africa, to make basic EmOC available requires political commitment and solid investment in the health system. margin: 1.5rem 0 2rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; padding-left: 2em; Children aged 1 to 11 months accounted for 1.5 million of these deaths while children aged 1 to 4 years accounted for 1.3 million deaths. text-align: left; Breastfed children perform better on intelligence tests, are less likely to be overweight or obese and less prone to diabetes later in life. .observances { .carousel-caption.top-text button { } Get inspiring articles and news delivered to your inbox. .observance-item-title a:hover { 1.20 Infant and child mortality. list-style: circle !important; } .un-multilingualism { /* **** icons for links ***** */ } color:#ffffff; padding: 1rem 0 1rem 0; padding: 0 1px 0 5px; text-transform: uppercase; The SDG Goal 3.2.1 is to end preventable deaths of newborns and under-5 children by 2030. border-radius: 0px; color:#009edb; ul.spaced-list li { ol.ol-lower-latin { The purpose of the UNICEF programme is to reduce mortality rate in children under the age of five, through vaccination programmes, nutrition programmes and other health care. Member States need to set their own targets and develop specific strategies to reduce child mortality and monitor their progress towards the reduction. .observance-item-title { } Another initiative, the Child-to-Child for School Readiness programme, provides training and materials that allow teachers to equip students to pass on the knowledge they gain to siblings who are either not, or not yet, in school. text-align: center; width: 360px; padding: 10px; margin: 1rem 1.5rem; Nigeria and India alone account for almost a third of all deaths. 2 Dead, 4 Minors Severely Injured In Oceanside Crash, San Diego Foundation Announces $3.5M in Scholarships Are Available, Police Fatally Shoot Armed Man After He Killed Woman, 3 Orphaned Bear Cubs Being Rehabilitated At Ramona Wildlife Center, Dog Rescued From Gorilla Enclosure At San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Giraffe Born With Disorder Treated With Leg Braces At Safari Park. letter-spacing: normal; .observance-item-title a { margin: 1em 0 0.5em 0; position: relative; color: #337ab7; } ul.block-list li h4 a:before { Neonatal encephalopathy usually results from birth trauma or a lack of oxygen to the baby during birth. padding: 2rem; padding: 15px 0; Without them, they can miss school, be embarrassed and humiliated, and even get health problems. content:'\f179'; h3.header-lg { .node-sidebar-item-body { .heading-center-underline { } In the Democratic Republic of Congo, 170* out of 1000 children under the age of five died in 2010, a figure that ranks among the highest in the world and could be compared to Sweden where the figure was three out of 100. In 2006, for the first time in recent history, the total number of annual deaths among children under the age of five fell below 10 million, to 9.7 million. Nearly half (47%) of deaths among Indigenous children aged . } Reduce under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1000 live births in every country. In view of the ticking population bomb the opinion can be submitted that high child mortality and repeated famines reduce the growth of population. box-shadow: 5px 5px 3px #f2f2f2; } ul.underline-links li a:hover, ol.underline-links li a:hover { } width: 310px; } .node-sidebar-item-body ul { background: #4d4d4d; Evidence indicates that when girls with at least a basic education reach adulthood, they are more likely than those without an education to manage the size of their families according to their capacities, and are more likely to provide better care for their children and send them to school.Achieving universal primary education is itself a Millennium Development Goal. Half of all under-five deaths in 2019 occurred in just five countries: Nigeria, India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia. } /*padding: 35px 35px; .heading-center-underline { Politically, the health issue is not seen as a priority: only 4.6 per cent of the national budget for 2010/2011 was spent on health, but out of that money only 20 per cent was actually paid into the health system. border: 1px solid #e3e3e3; .country { /* **** adjusting for screen size ***** */ box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); The SDG Goal 3.2.1 is to end preventable deaths of newborns and under-5 children by 2030. text-decoration: underline; ul.block-list li a { Our friends at Youth Co:Lab are hosting the hybrid #YouthCoLab Summit 2022 this summer July 4-7, 2022 This year's Summit aims to highlight, encourage and celebrate the role of young people in the #DecadeofAction, while showcasing and For teenage girls, having access to period products is essential. The total number of under-5 deaths worldwide has declined from 12.6 million in 1990 to 5.2 million in 2019. padding-left: 2rem; content: "\f105"; } margin-top: 2rem; } margin-right: 0.3em; Thus, it is hard to expect a mother to bring her baby for a routine post-natal check-up within the first week of delivery. text-decoration: underline; Moving from business as usual to innovative, multiple, and tailored approaches to increase access, coverage, and quality of child health services will require strategic direction and an optimal mix of community and facility-based care. .unorg-home-hero.col-md-3 { .carousel-caption.top-text p { min-height: 30px; padding: 10px; border-top: #009edb solid 3px; } All of these need to work together to prevent premature mortality in older children. border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; However, community-based newborn care is not commonly practiced in Africa.To reduce newborn mortality, timing of intervention is essential. text-align: right; font-size: 1.2em; border-bottom: #eeeeee dotted 2px; Vaccination is another part of UNICEF's programme, but it has to be carried out regularly and reach all children. list-style: inherit; Countries with the highest number of deaths for 5-to-9-year-olds include India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and China. .horizontal-line-top { .top-padding { Manioc porridge, which forms the staple diet for many, does not contain enough proteins, fats or vitamins. } padding: 1.5rem 0; Everyone can play a role in working to prevent pregnancy-related deaths and improving maternal health outcomes. -o-box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); This is one of the reasons that the United Nations has made eradicating extreme poverty and hunger its number-one and two Sustainable Development Goals. } display: none; Significant and long-lasting benefits accrue from investing in the health, quality of life, productivity, and economic growth of women and children. OCHA coordinates the global emergency response to save lives and protect people in humanitarian crises. left: 5%; } } /************ some interactivity */ /*top: 100px;*/ text-decoration: underline !important; .blue-well-large-text { A child or youth died once every 4.4 seconds in 2021 UN report, Why we need to focus on quality care for women and newborns, COVID-19 could reverse decades of progress toward eliminating preventable child deaths, agencies warn, Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025, Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition, Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 20162030, Children: improving survival and well-being. padding: 10px 0px; /*top: 100px;*/ border-left: solid #eeeeee 5px; } } color: #ffffff !important; There are two targets: Target 3.2.1 is closely linked with target 3.1.1, to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 deaths per 100 000 live births, and target 2.2.1 on ending all forms of malnutrition, as malnutrition is a frequent cause of death for under-5 children. /* ********* some padding for side bar items ********** */ -ms-transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out; All donations are tax deductible in full or in part. Ethiopia achieved a nearly 40-per-cent reduction during the same period.This was encouraging news. margin-top: 1em; } However, focusing exclusively on primary education and young children will not guarantee the results that education should deliver, because these attributes are often only put into meaningful practice when girls and boys reach adolescence. There are a number of causes of infant mortality, including poor sanitation, poor water quality, malnourishment of the mother and infant, inadequate prenatal and medical care, and use of infant formula as a breast milk substitute. background: #eee; } -moz-box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); According to The Borgen Project, wherever child mortality rights are high, birthrates are high. Want to post on Patch? .card-body a { transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out; .node-sidebar-item-body ul li a:hover { We have also prepared a list at each clinic with names of children who have been vaccinated. } margin-bottom: 2rem; .caps { margin: 1.5rem 0 2rem 0; right: 60%; Since 1990, the global under-5 mortality rate has dropped by 59%, from 93 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 38 in 2019. line-height: normal !important; As the education and health levels of communities improve, so, by extension, do their prospects for decreased child and maternal mortality levels. Skip to content. border-bottom: none; .blue-well a:hover { /* Therefore, quality education for children, adolescents and youth must be the focus of our attention.Quality education means good teaching methods and learning materials provided to those who are sufficiently healthy to benefit from what is offered to them, in an environment that is conducive to learning. Researchers continue to study the best ways to prevent and treat the causes of infant mortality and affect the contributors to infant mortality. } max-width: 70%; margin-top: 2rem; Methods: Case-control study in a population under demographic surveillance. There has been progress here as well, notably in scaling up key interventions, such as skilled attendance during delivery. margin-top: 2rem; .vertical-line-right { .observances { These are issues that the Government can take up with the private sector, faith-based organizations and development partners.Experience shows that it is relatively easy to fix the missing functions of a hospital or health centre. padding: 5rem; margin-top: 1.0501050105rem; .observance-item-title a:hover { } margin: 4rem 0 auto 0; font-family: 'Fontawesome'; margin-bottom: 3em; In fact, the number of children younger than 5 who die each year from preventable causes has decreased dramatically from 12.7 million in 1990 to 5.9 million in 2015. margin: auto 0 1.5rem 0; padding: 0 1px 0 5px; .un-multilingualism { By doing so, we can assure they dont only come the first time, but for the second and third vaccination as well. font-family: FontAwesome; padding: 3rem 3rem; } } } /* font-size: 4rem; } } content:'\f17b'; color:#ffffff; .onimage_title { .heading-underlined-blue::after { .carousel-caption.top-text { -ms-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); } Both of these are the present economic, social and environmental conditions in which people live including health care. border-right: 1px solid rgba(51,51,51,.2); Nowadays, we live in a world with three times as many people as there were in the 1950s, when my parents were born. margin-top: 5rem; background: url(https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/arrow.png) no-repeat; Adam Taghreed et al., "Achieving the MDGs for health, cost-effectiveness analysis of strategies for maternal and neonatal health in developing countries", British Medical Journal, (10 January 2007).7. Instead of using our mental and physical energy picking up the slack for others, we need to use those moments to project our voices, asking those in positions of money and power what they are doing to fix the problem. padding:5px 10px !important; } The six most preventable causes of death for children younger than 5 are: Premature birth (18% of deaths) Pneumonia (16% of deaths) Birth defects (13% of deaths) Newborn infections, malaria, sepsis, measles (13% of deaths) Birth complications (11% of deaths) Diarrhea (9% of deaths) padding: 15px 0; We have chosen to collaborate with UNICEF because of their long-term work with health interventions, delivering health services to the population, with the focus on mothers and children, but also working to build capacity at the country's health ministry, so that they can control and implement the health programme, says Sofia Norlin, advisor on health issues at Sidas Conflict and Post-Conflict Department. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest under-5 mortality rate in the world, with 1 child in 13 dying before his or her fifth birthday, 20 years behind the world average which achieved a 1 in 13 rate in 1999. We need to rethink the way we see waste. .member-state-grouping-letter a { Schools that cannot provide basic amenities, such as proper toilets, clean water supply and play areas, do not lend themselves to providing quality education, particularly for girls, whose educational prospects suffer. border-bottom: none; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: normal !important; border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; ol.ol-decimal, ol.ol-lower-latin { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); background-color: #f5f5f5; content:'\f17b'; Opportunities for Africa's Newborns (Cape Town: PMNCH, 2006). The first measure of success in education is ensuring all children complete primary schooling. So, keeping children alive is absolutely crucial for reducing overpopulation. max-width: 70%; } Accelerating the pace of poverty reduction is a complex and difficult task. Working with adolescents living in internally dis, How does period poverty have a negative effect on teenage girls?, Reduce newborn mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1 000 live births in every country; and. ul.spaced-list li { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); font-weight: 500; font-family: FontAwesome; This is equivalent to 1 in 11 children dying before reaching age 5 in 1990, compared to 1 in 27 in 2019. child mortality". Children who complete basic education eventually become parents who are more capable of providing quality care for their own children and who make better use of health and other social services available to them. padding-top: 5px; font-size: 1.25em; At the country level, mortality rates for older children ranged from 0.2 to 16.8 deaths per 1000 children aged 5 years. } .back-to-toplink { Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest under-5 mortality rate in the world, with 1 child in 13 dying before his or her fifth birthday, 20 years behind the world average which achieved a 1 in 13 rate in 1999. @media only screen and (min-width: 992px) { a.icon-blue-book::after { margin: auto 0 1.5rem 0; If Millennium Development Goal 4 -- reduce child mortality by two thirds -- is to be achieved, Africa has the challenge of accelerating the narrowing of this gap. blockquote p::before { Malnutrition is an underlying cause of mortality in more than 54 per cent of deaths4.Linkages with maternal health. /* ***** padding and text copy-specific styles ***** */ There is a shift from health sector actions to prevent and treat the infectious diseases of early childhood towards other government sectors including education, transportation and road infrastructure, water and sanitation and law enforcement. .section1 { border-radius: 10px; } font-size: 2.5rem !important; .top-bottom-dashed-line { color: #ffffff !important; Countries with the highest number of deaths for 5 to 9-year-olds include India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and China. } Similarly, the boundaries and names shown, and the designations used, in maps or articles do not necessarily imply endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. -webkit-box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); letter-spacing: normal; } The minimum standard coverage is four basic EmOC facilities for every 500,000 population, primarily to ensure that both urban and rural populations have timely access to life-saving services. .carousel-caption.top-text p { In Africa, at least 25 per cent of all deaths in children under-five occur within the first month, 75 per cent of these during the first week. Evidently, more and more people need more and more food, water and other resources to survive, possibly leading to devastating conflicts in the future. In addition, in the United States and worldwide, the most common causes of infant death in the first weeks after birth are different than those that occur later in the first year. font-weight: bold; We investigated associations between breastfeeding and infant mortality in an urban population with high infant mortality and low breastfeeding rates. } vertical-align: middle; padding: 0 1px 0 5px; } .international-items { Child mortality is inextricably linked with maternal mortality. border-top: 2px dashed #aaa; } box-shadow: 5px 5px 3px #f2f2f2; And evidence tells us that education, especially of girls, is critical for the development and empowerment of women. color:#009edb; font-size: 14px !important; color: #009edb; font-size: 1.75rem !important; padding-left: 40px; CDC has launched the tips from former smokers campaign focusing on the need to stop smoking during pregnancy. The UNChronicleisnot an official record. .node-sidebar-item-body ul li { h3.header-md { font-weight: 700; } } background: rgba(77,77,77,0.9); However, accelerated progress will be needed in 53 countries, which will not achieve the target by 2030 on current trends. border-radius: 0px; /* ******* phone ********** */ } .menu-sub { background: url(https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/arrow.png) no-repeat; text-align: right; } margin: auto 0; background-color: #f5f5f5; text-align: center !important; border: solid 1px #000; border: none; margin-top: 1em; Infant and young child feeding is a key area to improve child survival and promote healthy growth and development. } } /************ some interactivity */ /*line-height: normal !important;*/ background: #eee; We now have the knowledge to not only improve our capacities for intercultural dialogue, but also the evidence showing the impact that it can have on issues related to peace and inclusion. Malnutrition among children is a major problem in the DR Congo and nutrition, with distribution of peanut butter and milk to small children, is an important part of the health programme. } It is an important indicator of the overall physical health of a community. Two regions, Sub-Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asia, account for more than 80 per cent of the 5.2 million under-five deaths in 2019, while they only account for 52 per cent of the global under-five population. background-color: #009edb; ul.block-list li.leaf:before { The patterns of death in older children reflect the underlying risk profiles of this age group, with a shift away from infectious diseases of childhood and towards accidents and injuries, notably drowning and road traffic injuries. .menu-sub { border-bottom: 2px dashed #aaa; Working with adolescents living in internally displaced peoples camps in Mindanao, Art, Development and Peace. why is the mortality rate important . border-bottom: none; /* ************* side bar nav menu **************** */ margin: 10px 0px; } .image-metadata { ul.block-list li { A significant expansion of children's access to antiretroviral treatment and PMTCT services for mothers is therefore essential, in order to have significant impact on infant and child mortality, which has shown to be the case in Botswana.In conclusion, opportunities exist to scale up child survival interventions through capitalizing on well-functioning and successful programmes, such as the Expanded Programmes of Immunization, relatively high antenatal care attendance and the Integrated Child Health campaigns. text-align: center;*/ padding:5px 10px !important; margin-top: 20px; Get inspiration in your inbox!Join a community of change makers. color: #337ab7; border-top: solid #eeeeee 5px; ol.ol-decimal { list-style: inherit; } } a.social-icon-android::after { list-style: none; G. Jones et al., "How many deaths can we prevent this year? box-shadow: 5px 5px 3px #f2f2f2; Attaining basic health knowledge at low levels of education may have important effects on an individual's likelihood of dying in child birth. .blue-well a, .blue-well a:hover, .blue-well a:active { Substantial global progress has been made in reducing child deaths since 1990. .vertical-line-left { .node-sidebar-item-body p a:hover { Moving from business as usual to innovative, multiple, and tailored approaches to increase access, coverage, and quality of child health services will require strategic direction and an optimal mix of community and facility-based care. A digital ideas platform to support child-focusedSustainable Development Goals. There is enough evidence that post-natal care provided by community health workers contributes to essential newborn care necessary for early recognition and identification of maternal and neonatal danger signs5. Cases (n = 141) were children under five who died. .main-container.container { The six most preventable causes of death for children younger than 5 are: Childhood malnutrition is an underlying cause of 45% of all deaths among children younger than 5, according to the WHO. margin-bottom: 3em; .back-to-toplink a { margin: 3rem auto; At the country level, mortality rates for older children ranged from 0.2 to 16.8 deaths per 1,000 children aged 5 years. font-family: 'Fontawesome'; They insist governments can and should do more to further reduce the under-5 mortality rate a key measure of a nations care for its most vulnerable citizens, young children, and infants. Child mortality rates have dropped significantly in the world in the last ten years, but in spite of this positive development about 19 000 children still die every day, and the curve is not declining as fast in all countries. The country is green and fertile but although many people actually have access to food, its often not well balanced or nutritious. Instead of comprehensively analyzing the global poverty trend, this article discusses two major challenges to achieving the global targets: (i) the slow pace of poverty reduction in Eastern and Southern Africa and (ii) the lack of frequency and timeliness of poverty data. Economic growth, poverty reduction and access to skilled health workers all contribute to improving child survival and reducing maternal mortality.Providing a basic education, especially to girls, will also be crucial to building on the gains of the recent past. In that way the money is more flexible than if being tied to a specific project, meaning it can be used for e.g. After World War II, not only the economy experienced a boom, but so did our species. margin-right: 0.3em; display: none; Infant mortality means the death of young children under the age of one whereas child mortality refers to the death of children under the age of five. In 1960, Africa contributed to approximately 14 per cent of the global child mortality burden. color:#ffffff !important; .heading-underlined-blue { Newborn infections, malaria, sepsis, measles (13% of deaths), Skilled attendants for antenatal, birth, and postnatal care, Family knowledge of danger signs in a childs health, Improved access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. .blue-well ol, .blue-well ul { In spite of the significant progress made in recent years to reduce under-five mortality, significant margin-right: 10px; According to UNICEF's State of the World Children 2012 report. We need to rethink the way we see waste. As of March 2021, nearly 7,000 children below the age of 5 and 1,800 pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers have been treated with nutritional care for their acute malnutrition in Sudan. .image-metadata { .top-padding { World Vision works with communities totrain and equip midwivesand local health workers; with governments and corporate partners toprovide supplies and resourcesto clinics and hospitals; and with parents toteach best practicesin the care and nurture of their young children. At the same time, observations in southern Africa indicated a deterioration of caring capacities among caregivers as poverty levels and food insecurity increased. border-radius: 10px; } float: left; } -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); margin: 1.5rem 0; } list-style: circle !important; margin-bottom: 35px; .photo-credit { Our analysis in 13 eastern and southern African countries shows that universal coverage of scientifically proven cost-effective interventions would reduce child deaths from the current 2 million to just 650,000. } } The total number of under-5 deaths worldwide has declined from 12.6 million in 1990 to 5.2 million in 2019. display: block; /*line-height: normal !important;*/ Injuries (e.g., suffocation). box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19), 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.23); Staff training and improved logistics Access to clinics is one problem, but the quality of health care may also be inadequate. -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); ul.block-list li a:before {

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