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Tsunoda, Tasaku. The paper also presents few facts, figures and the reasons that highlight the fact that people's language attitude has negative impact on the Irish language's revitalization efforts. using Irish as a way to differentiate themselves from their colonizer. A group of Ainu, native to Japan, has adapted the Te Ataarangi programme to help with their own language revitalisation. He became a key figure of the Gaelic revival. (Eds.) [110] Another study in New South Wales on the Warlpiri people echoes language as life, that the survival of the language is tied to the survival of the community. (1995). [66] It has been argued that they tend to be better educated than monolingual English speakers and enjoy higher social status. It increased to 24,821 people in the 2011 census of India. ANA awarded approximately $20 million to a total of 210 grant recipients. Ststa Valts Erntreits", "Virtual Livonia Lvm Internets Lvzeme Internet", "Livones.net - Lbieu vasaras skola "Mierlinkizt", "Livones.net - Lvd t (Livonian Union)", "Lbieu tradicionl kultra | Latvijas kultras kanons", "Senoji prs kalba atgimsta naujausioje grups KLGRINDA ploktelje", "How many speakers of Yola are there now? Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media. A new standardised orthography was established for the language; a new literature came into being. After them, Twankstas Glabbis from Kaliningrad oblast and Nrtiks Pamedns from East-Prussia, now Polish Warmia-Mazuria actively joined. Dublin: Cois Life. Starting with the 20th and 21 centuries, Irish survives in the Gaeltacht and has become an important part of Ireland's culture and heritage. Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market, The Economic and Social Review, Vol. Language revival often retains founding overt beliefs rooted in an ideological commitment to a specific language because of its role as the authentic, legitimate cultural vehicle of a distinct people. Where the state permits it, and where numbers warrant, encourage the use of the language in compulsory state education. There are different programs educating Latvians on the cultural and linguistic heritage of Livonians and the fact that most Latvians have common Livonian descent. Currently, Gaelic is only spoken widely in the Western Isles and some relatively small areas of the Highlands and Islands. [43][44], The Soyot language of the small-numbered Soyots in Buryatia, Russia, one of Siberian Turkic languages, has been reconstructed and a Soyot-Buryat-Russian dictionary has been published in 2002. There are schools too that use Welsh as the language of instruction. Several other methods of revitalization, including those that rely on technology such as recordings or media, can be used for languages in any state of viability. Language revitalization, renewal, or reversing language shift goes one step further than language maintenance, in that it implies recuperating and reconstructing something that is at least partially lost, rather than maintaining and strengthening what already exists. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Political geographies, unfaithful translations and anticolonialism: Ireland in lise Recluss geography and biography, Political Geography, 2017, vol. [9] They also propose nine factors or criteria (six of which use the six-degree scale) to "characterize a languages overall sociolinguistic situation". As policy this flew in the face of decades of decline in the number of Irish speakers, with the census of 1911 recording only 17.6% as 823 MacNeill was a co-founder of the Conradh na Gaeilge, the Gaelic League, which aimed to preserve Irish language and culture. Tadhg hIfearnin Find on Oxford Academic . ", "How the Manx language came back from the dead", "Lifelines for indigenous languages | The World Weekly", "Lecture by Valts Erntreits "Chasing the heritage of Livonians - Latvia's indigenous people", "Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103", "Lbieu tradicionl kultra Latvijas kultras kanon. The very first printed book in Irish was a Reformationist text, Foirm na nUrrnuidheadh (1567), or The Book of Common Order, and, in the seventeenth century, the first sustained printing project was undertaken by Catholic clerical scholars as part of the Counter-Reformation. The eight stages are: This model of language revival is intended to direct efforts to where they are most effective and to avoid wasting energy trying to achieve the later stages of recovery when the earlier stages have not been achieved. Sometimes signed forms of English and the indigenous sign language of the Republic of Ireland are simply called "ISL." the speaker's first language or as an acquired, or second language. What emerges is the potential to challenge that which appears pre-ordained, inescapable and insurmountable. According to data compiled by Ireland's Central Statistics Office (CSO) in . It is altogether too easy to construct . These efforts have resulted in a steady increase in children being taught in Maori in schools since 1996. ]. Jane Freeland Find . Since 1990, the department has created primary education texts in the Rapa Nui language. ), From Parnell to Paisley: constitutional and revolutionary politics in Ireland, 1879 2008 (Dublin, Irish Academic Press, 2010), pp. In a related development, literary languages without native speakers enjoyed great prestige and practical utility as lingua francas, often counting millions of fluent speakers at a time. He argues that language death is, ironically, a sign of hitherto isolated peoples migrating and sharing space: To maintain distinct languages across generations happens only amidst unusually tenacious self-isolationsuch as that of the Amishor brutal segregation. The metapragmatic comments of the respondents indicate deep ambivalence towards use of the Irish language, as well as complex language-ideological positions. The rest of the community has adopted Spanish in order to communicate with the outside world and support its tourism industry. [5] These figures are often cited as reasons why language revitalization is necessary to preserve linguistic diversity. The Irish language revitalization movements in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland serve as a particularly valuable case study of the role of anti-colonial cultural movements especially as they relate to language; the Republic of Ireland is an independent country, while Northern Ireland is still part of the United Kingdom. Yet it would be wrong to think of this as being a recent development or to assume that languages should remain in some way neutral. As a result of its loss as an official language and years of marginalization at the official level during and after American colonization, the use of Spanish amongst the overall populace decreased dramatically and became moribund, with the remaining native speakers left being mostly elderly people. In 1893 Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League) was set up, from which a mass movement of support for the spoken language grew. There are many different theories or models that attempt to lay out a plan for language revitalization. There also have been several attempts to produce music with lyrics written in the revived Baltic Prussian language, most notably in the Kaliningrad Oblast by Romowe Rikoito,[91] Kellan and ustras Lawan, but also in Lithuania by Klgrinda in their 2005 album Prs Giesms (Prussian Hymns),[92] and in Latvia by Rasa Ensemble in 1988[93] and Valdis Muktupvels in his 2005 oratorio "Prcltjs Pontifex" featuring several parts sung in Prussian. (2008). But around the world, people are fighting back. The Language Revitalization Mentorship Program will launch on February 21, International Mother Language Day, with an online event to meet the mentors and learn more about the program. This book examines nationalisms relationship with democracy using three approaches: The challenge of democracy for sub-state nationalism: analyzing the circumstances under which sub-nationalism is compatible with democracy, and assessing the democratic implications of various nationalist projects. Enterprise ended in 2005, and the herald of Star Trek's revitalization as a . [47], In China, the Manchu language is one of the most endangered languages, with speakers only in three small areas of Manchuria remaining. [39], The revival of Sanskrit happened in India. (1998). The Coptic language began its decline when Arabic became the predominant language in Egypt. What does it mean when a wine is described as full-bodied? Language Revitalization. In fact it is, the Irish people are doing a lot of revitalization efforts, including teaching it in schools, but the number of speakers in the Gaeltacht are decreasing and they are experiencing problems in their education system with students which leave school only knowing a few words of Irish and some losing interest in the language entirely because of the way it is taught in their opinion. [58][59], The Kodrah Kristang revitalization initiative in Singapore seeks to revive the critically endangered Kristang creole. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Carnie, Andrew. Gaelgeoir (Irish-language . Planners and advocates approaching the problem from all directions. The desire to revive elements of our past is evident in a wide variety of spheres. There are disagreements in the field of language revitalization as to the degree that revival should concentrate on maintaining the traditional language, versus allowing simplification or widespread borrowing from the majority language. It also serves as a manual of effective practices in language revitalization.Key Features* Includes 23 case studies of language revitalization in practice, from Native American languages, Australian languages, Maori, Hawaiian, Welsh, Irish, and others, written primarily by authors directly involved in the programs* Short introductions situate . Language revitalization is a fairly recent subfield of linguistics that is concerned with halting and reversing the extinction of languages. [7], Language revitalization is also closely tied to the linguistic field of language documentation. This course is a fantastic opportunity for learners of all levels to discover the Irish language and its rich cultural heritage, and to contribute to the preservation and revitalization of this endangered language. Use of native language builds identity and encourages communities to move toward social unity and self-sufficiency. I argue that the presence of an identity conflict between colonizer and colonized increases the efficacy of language revitalization movements, as language is a component used to establish a separate identity and assert independence from a colonizer. The Manx government has also been involved in the effort by creating organizations such as the Manx Heritage Foundation (Culture Vannin) and the position of Manx Language Officer. Despite state-support for Irish language revitalization, census data shows that the Republic of Ireland saw a decrease in the percentage of speakers in all 26 counties from 2001 to 2011. Planners stressing that language revitalization is a long process, Parents using the language with their children. Founders of the Gaelic League, Connradh na Gaedhilge, Eoin MacNeill (1867 - 1945) and Doctor Douglas Hyde (1860 - 1949). In contrast, the master-apprentice method of one-on-one transmission on language proficiency can be used with moribund languages. Photograph: Walshe/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images. 2000 [e-publication]. The island was then partitioned into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, where the conflict continues. Efforts to revitalise Irish were being made, however, from the mid-1800s, and were associated with a desire for Irish political independence. He was an Irish speaker who advocated practical measures for the revival of Irish at a time when decline was beginning to set in, yet his motivation was not only practical but philosophical, as one of his articles demonstrates: There is something unaccountably fascinating in the language of past times, and though it may be difficult to resolve the emotion into its first principles or to pursue it through its ultimate divergencies of mental association, there is scarcely an individual who does not feel it.. Program leaders travel across Canada with mobile audiovisual production units, and aims to provide indigenous youth with a way to connect with their culture through a film topic of their choosing. But the failure to teach it in an effective and engaging way means (as linguist Andrew Carnie notes) that students do not acquire the fluency needed for the lasting viability of the language, and this leads to boredom and resentment. Language extinction has increased rapidly in the last one hundred years, and occurs now at a staggering rate. For example, it is easier to resurrect basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than sounds and word order. For instance, it is probably wasteful to campaign for the use of a language on television or in government services if hardly any families are in the habit of using the language. Each iwi (tribe) created a language planning programme catering to its specific circumstances. The politics of terminology: Sen Lemass and Northern Ireland, 1959-1966, in Colin Reid and Caoimhe Nic Dhibhid (eds. Talybont: Y Lolfa. "Their children are going to Welsh language schools, so the parents go to evening classes to learn Welsh," says Ian Cox, who himself is taking classes in Cardiff. In the latter part of the nineteenth century these broader questions were probed by Nietzsche and Freud in various ways. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. It is likely that the reference to Prometheus came via the translation of Aeschylus' play, Prometheus f Chuibhreach (1933) by George Derwent Thomson/Seoirse Mac Thomis, an English professor of Greek who was the main instigator and later translator of Muiris Silleabhin's world-classic tale of youth, Fiche Blian ag Fs (1933). [71] Revitalization efforts include radio shows in Manx Gaelic and social media and online resources. Yes, one of the most influential thinkers and leaders of the Irish revolution was a linguistic scholar turned political revolutionary, Eoin MacNeill. Language revitalization is an attempt to counter trends that have influenced decline in the use and learning of the . This assertion cannot conceal that the effect of radio and TV broadcasting has been devastating to endangered lan- Language in Society 31:4 (2002) 637 JOAN A. ARGENTER guages, but it reminds us of the extent to which these technologies can help language revitalization. An example is standard Italian, which originated as a literary language based on the language of 13th-century Florence, especially as used by such important Florentine writers as Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. "Arabic." doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203918. Another national initiative, Bilingual Intercultural Education Project (PEBI), was ineffective in language revitalization because instruction was given in Kichwa and Spanish was taught as a second language to children who were almost exclusively Spanish monolinguals. Thirteen autobiographical accounts of language revitalization, ranging from Irish Gaelic to Mohawk, Kawaiisu to Maori, are brought together by Leanne Hinton, professor emerita of linguistics at UC Berkeley, who for decades has been leading efforts to preserve the rich linguistic heritage of the world. Education | Indigenous education, language planning and policy, Indigenous language revitalization, ethnographic studies of education in and out of school. Despite this fact, Kichwa is a threatened language, mainly because of the expansion of Spanish in South America. [3] The locations where Irish is spoken include "Cork, Donegal, Galway, Kerry, part of Mayo, Meath, and Waterford counties.". Print. In essence, it and other revivals are about the bold imagining of alternative histories and cultures - it is this that gives force to revivalism and to its enterprise of creative renewal. "", Special Issue on Political Discourse as an . . As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Cal is endangered, some people are trying to revitalise the language. Irish language subjugation began when England invaded Ireland in 1169 CE. The language is currently taught in some elementary schools. [60], In Thailand, there exists a Chong language revitalization project, headed by Suwilai Premsrirat. This is largely based on an independent community-based school system, known generally as Gaelscoileanna. Several dozen people use the language in Lithuania, Kaliningrad, and Poland, including a few children who are natively bilingual. Who thinks of 1930s Ireland producing such a sequence of events? New Perspectives on Endangered Languages. Imperialism and nationalism: The Home Rule struggle and border creation in Ireland, 18851925, North-South Research Collaboration: a drop in the international ocean, Unity in Diversity, Volume 2: Cultural and Linguistic Markers of the Concept, dr hab hab Sabine Asmus, prof US (Uniwersytet Szczecinski, Poland), Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism US Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, The Agreement Generation: young peoples views on the new cross-border relationship, Discourses of belonging and resistance: Irish-language maintenance in Ireland and the diaspora, From Soviet National Policy to Contemporary Russian Federalism: The Past and Future of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Why (not) Irish ? Minority languages always have a sense in which they are something much more than a means of communication. She aims to use technologies, like virtual or augmented reality, to allow people to truly immerse themselves in a language. The study highlights some of the social and cultural differences which exist between these native speakers of Irish and second-language learners and the need to find ways in which the two groups can work more productively together. Though the goals of language revitalization vary greatly from case to case, they typically involve attempting to expand the number of speakers and use of a language, or trying to maintain the current level of use to protect the language from extinction or language death. There has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival, the Hebrew language, creating a new generation of native speakers without any pre-existing native speakers as a model.[3]. The subsequent success of the language has been through conscious development, where speakers of any of the numerous Italian languages were taught standard Italian as a second language and subsequently imparted it to their children, who learned it as a first language. 158-159. Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:48, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Corporacin Nacional de Desarrollo Indigena, Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation, Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity, List of endangered languages with mobile apps, http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Language_vitality_and_endangerment_EN.pdf, 'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures', "Tt's Hawaiian and the Emergence of a Neo Hawaiian Language", "Academic paper insights: Late Modern Irish and the Dynamics of Language Change and Language Death", "Dlseachd, Lughad agus Saor-thoileachas: moladh airson iomairt Gidhlig a dh'fhaodadh obrachadh", "Coptic: Ancient language still spoken today", "American Indian tribes turn to technology in race to save endangered languages", "Indian Tribes Go in Search Of Their Lost Languages", "The Long-Dead Native Language Wopnak is Revived", "Free online Tlingit language class sees widespread interest during pandemic", "Seven Indian villages where people speak in Sanskrit", "Hindi News, , India News in Hindi, , Desh - Dainik Bhaskar", "Five Indian villages where sanskrit is spoken", "Latest census figure reveals increase in Sanskrit speakers in India", "In China, the Forgotten Manchu Seek to Rekindle Their Glory", "PHILIPPINES: Torn Between Two Colonisers -- Spain and America", "Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines Website", "Spanish is once again a compulsory subject in the Philippines", "El Castellano: Noticias - el retorno triunfal del espaol a las Filipinas", "Kodrah Kristang Kaminyu di Kodramintu: Kinyang Ngua (The Kristang Language Revitalization Plan, Phase One)", http://www.gaelscoileanna.ie/en/about/statistics/, http://www.gaelport.com/default.aspx?treeid=37&NewsItemID=3726, https://ideas.repec.org/a/eso/journl/v40y2009i4p435-460.html, "Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed', "Gaelic speakers map: Where in Scotland is Gaelic thriving? To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Special Issue on Political Discourse as an Instrument . He proposes that language death improves communication by ensuring more people speak the same language. Print. Language reclamation, defined as a "larger effort by a community to claim its right to speak a language and to set associated goals in response to community needs and perspectives" (Leonard, 2012) and language revitalization, which has a primary focus on developing new speakers Those seeking to save their language will . This thesis investigates what has caused the Irish language to lose power and prestige over the centuries, and which Irish language revitalization . ""This book sheds light on the complicated, multifaceted relationship between nationalism and democracy by examining how nationalism in various periods and contexts shapes, or is shaped by, democratic practices or the lack thereof. This article is based on his book, Revivalism and Modern Irish Literature: the anxiety of transmission and the dynamics of renewal (Cork University Press). The work of Oideas Gael ( www.oideasgael.ie ), in the context of efforts to promote the use of the Irish language, represents a community . [13], David Crystal, in his book Language Death, proposes that language revitalization is more likely to be successful if its speakers, In her book, Endangered Languages: An Introduction, Sarah Thomason notes the success of revival efforts for modern Hebrew and the relative success of revitalizing Maori in New Zealand (see Specific Examples below). The Gaeltacht Act 2012 gives statutory effect to the implementation of the 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030, where it is stated that 'under the new Act, a language planning process will be instigated whereby a language plan will be prepared at community level for each Gaeltacht district'. "The Irish language as the national language is the first official language." This 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language is built on the foundation of the Constitutional status of the language and follows on the Government Statement on the Irish Language1 published in December 2006. Irish (Gaeilge) Irish is a Celtic language spoken in mainly Ireland (ire).There are also Irish speakers in the UK (Rocht Aontaithe), the USA (Stit Aontaithe Mheirice), Canada (Ceanada) and Australia (an Astril).On average 66% of Gaeltacht residents can speak Irish. Myths of origen of the Tamil Tigers, IRA and FARC. [29][30] For example, there are apps (including phrases, word lists and dictionaries) in many Native languages including Cree, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Lakota, Ojibwe, Oneida, Massachusett, Navajo, Halq'emeylem, Gwych'in, and Lushootseed. I examined current Irish Department of Education policies for medium schools, which are schools that provide education in an Irish-speaking format where students acquire the Irish language through . learn their languages. [119] At other times governments deem that the cost of revitalization programs and creating linguistically diverse materials is too great to take on. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. [108], Of the youth in Rapa Nui (Easter Island), ten percent learn their mother language. Conducted as an observational study, this thesis focuses on interviews with 72 participants during the summer of 2013. 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030 THE VISION The objective of Government policy in relation to Irish is to increase on an incremental basis the use and knowledge of Irish as a community language. ideologies behind Indigenous language revitalization movements (Cru, 2018). [104] Also, Khanga Reo, Mori language preschools, called language nests, were established. Firstly, we deal with the most significant documents where the status of the Irish language is being defined. Bairad had been making short films in the Irish language for some years, having grown up bilingual in Irish and English. Tolerance and Cultural Diversity Discourses in Greece, The online atlas of Irish population change 18412002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics, The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Members of the tribe use the extensive written records that exist in their language, including a translation of the Bible and legal documents, in order to learn and teach Wampanoag. The Voices of Nations: How has promotion by the Irish and Welsh governments aided in the revival of the Irish and Welsh languages in those two countries? The Strategy promotes a holistic, integrated approach to the Irish language which is consistent with international best practice. Once European colonization began, many laws were enacted in order to promote the use of English over Maori among indigenous people. Irish language, also called Erse or Gaelic, Irish Gaeilge, a member of the Goidelic group of Celtic languages, spoken in Ireland. The Spanish politician Juan de Dios Ramrez Heredia promotes Roman-Kal, a variant of International Romani, enriched by Cal words. But the failure to teach it in an effective and engaging way means (as linguist Andrew Carnie notes) that students do not acquire the fluency needed for the lasting viability of the language, and this . Nationalism and Democracy. Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive extinct languages. [70] The language is now taught in primary and secondary schools, including as a teaching medium at the Bunscoill Ghaelgagh, used in some public events and spoken as a second language by approximately 1800 people. Rather than focussing on the perceived failure of state-led language revival we need to embrace the value of a tradition of revivalism, one that has brought us an awareness of language and culture as constructs that are negotiable rather than fixed. Contemporary Irish language revitalization has chiefly involved teaching Irish as a compulsory language in mainstream English-speaking schools. The decline of the Gaeltachta and the failure of state-directed revitalisation have been countered by an urban revival movement. [33] Her methods included textbook creation, sequenced immersion curriculum, and film assessment. 'The State We're In:- Imagining a New Republic; the Challenge to Irish Nationalism', The Agricultural Workers' Movement in the Irish Revolution: The Case of County Kildare, Advocating commodification: an ethnographic look at the policing of Irish as a commercial asset, The dark side of Belfast, a brief narrative: Interview with "Eibhlin Glenholmes", 'Boundaries Dear Watson': Sustainable Peace Building through the Social Boundary Approach to Cross-Border Cooperation in Ireland Since 1998, Constitutional Models of a United Ireland, Europe's Ethnic Mosaic - A Short Guide to Minority Rights In Europe. What all of this points to is the fact that the Irish language has been instrumentalised for centuries in many ways beyond the domain of cultural nationalism. site and will not be responded to individually. ", "An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive", "Indigenous language workshops connecting Gunggari people to culture", "Ngayana Diyari Yawarra Yathayilha: Supporting the Dieri language", "Languages Provision in Victorian Government Schools, 2018", "Ndejama cuia chi ini zaza: Mexico's Mixtec people know how to speak the language of nature", "A positive sense of Identity and Culture", "United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children", http://worldaffairsjournal.org/article/cosmopolitan-tongue-universality-english, "Number of sentences per language - Tatoeba", Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project, World Oral Literature Project, Voices of Vanishing Worlds, Documenting Endangered Languages (DEL) (Archived program), Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States, Programs Concerned with Alaska Native Language (ANL) Revitalization, "The Young Ancestors, Camino Verite Films", "Language 911: UM helps rescue fading indigenous voices", Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival, "Language preservation helps American Indian students stick with college", Learning indigenous languages on Nintendo, First Nations endangered languages chat applications, DOBES Documentation of Endangered Languages, Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center training, Do-it-yourself grammar and reading in your language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_revitalization&oldid=1141842953, Healthy/strong: all generations use language in variety of settings, Weakening/sick: spoken by older people; not fully used by younger generations, Moribund/dying: only a few adult speakers remain; no longer used as, Dead: no longer spoken as a native language, Extinct: no longer spoken and has few or no written records, unsafe: some children use the language in all settings, all children use the language in some settings, definitively endangered: few children speak the language; predominantly spoken by the parental generation and older, severely endangered: spoken by older generations; not used by the parental generation and younger, critically endangered: few speakers remain and are mainly from the great grandparental generation, Proportion of speakers within the total population, safe: the language is spoken by 100% of the population, unsafe: the language is spoken by nearly 100% of the population, definitively endangered: the language is spoken by a majority of the population, severely endangered: the language is spoken by less than 50% of the population, critically endangered: the language has very few speakers, universal use (safe): spoken in all domains; for all functions, multilingual parity (unsafe): multiple languages (2+) are spoken in most social domains; for most functions, dwindling domains (definitively endangered): mainly spoken in home domains and is in competition with the dominant language; for many functions, limited or formal domains (severely endangered): spoken in limited social domains; for several functions, highly limited domains (critically endangered): spoken in highly restricted domains; for minimal functions, dynamic (safe): spoken in all new domains, robust/active (unsafe): spoken in most new domains, receptive (definitively endangered): spoken in many new domains, coping (severely endangered): spoken in some new domains, minimal (critically endangered): spoken in minimal new domains, inactive (extinct): spoken in no new domains, Materials for language education and literacy, safe: established orthography and extensive access to educational materials, unsafe: access to educational materials; children developing literacy; not used by administration, definitively endangered: access to educational materials exist at school; literacy in language is not promoted, severely endangered: literacy materials exist however are not present in school curriculum, critically endangered: orthography is known and some written materials exist, Governmental and institutional language attitudes and policies (including official status and use), equal support (safe): all languages are equally protected, differentiated support (unsafe): primarily protected for private domains, passive assimilation (definitively endangered): no explicit protective policy; language use dwindles in public domain, active assimilation (severely endangered): government discourages use of language; no governmental protection of language in any domain, forced assimilation (critically endangered): language is not recognized or protected; government recognized another official language, prohibition (extinct): use of language is banned, Community members' attitudes towards their own language, safe: language is revered, valued, and promoted by whole community, unsafe: language maintenance is supported by most of the community, definitively endangered: language maintenance is supported by much of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss, severely endangered: language maintenance is supported by some of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss, critically endangered: language maintenance is supported by only a few members of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss, extinct: complete apathy towards language maintenance; prefer dominant language, superlative (safe): extensive audio, video, media, and written documentation of the language, good (unsafe): audio, video, media, and written documentation all exist; a handful of each, fair (definitively endangered): some audio and video documentation exists; adequate written documentation, fragmentary (severely endangered): minimal audio and video documentation exists at low quality; minimal written documentation, inadequate (critically endangered): only a handful of written documentation exists, undocumented (extinct): no documentation exists.

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