31. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. b. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. 107. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. c. primary process thought. 132. d. free association. Observational learning. 148. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. a. humanistic therapy. Why is this? c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. 2.2.1.2. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. a. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. c. operant conditioning. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. 128. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Describe observational learning and modeling. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. c. They explain outside influences and past events. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Psychosurgery. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . a. psychodynamic How so? Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. b. existential therapy. d. Freud. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Bacterial and viral infections. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. d. case studies. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Behaviorally test your thought. b. ego. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. d. libido. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. 35. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. 64. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. Participants have similar issues. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? b. existential Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Is this correct? In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. c. irrational patterns of thinking. c. congenital malformations. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Bertha (Anna O.) For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? c. operant conditioning. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. a. existential _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. c. role-playing. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. c. psychoanalysts. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. c. children who very seldom fight. 67. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. 108. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. d. projection. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. c. insert RNA into genes. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. b. resistance. d. past traumatic experiences. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. What form do these consequences take? a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? c. operant conditioning. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. b. a. 114. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. Don't worry. Hormonal imbalances. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. This is called the absolute refractory period. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. d. synapses. 2.2.2.2. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? d. bipolar disorder. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? c. Beck. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. 2.3.3.4. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. c. neurons. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. b. exposure therapy. Which would be a part of your paradigm? In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: A) illogical thinking patterns. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). 2.2.2.3. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. c. superego. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Right? d. projection. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. d. cognitive-behavioral. Evaluating the cognitive model. c. paradigms. d. object relations theory. b. exposure therapy. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. c. depression. d. classical conditioning. 165. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. 100. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. It is difficult to research this perspective. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. 3. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. c. sociocultural. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Genetic issues and explanations. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. b. behavior-focused therapists. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. 19. 2.3.2.4. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. The strategies arise from all three learning models. 151. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. b. focusing on the here and now. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. b. 30. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. 22. 51. c. humanistic-existential d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. c. gestalt therapy. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? 95. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. b. the libido. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. d. existential, 125. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. c. double-blind studies. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? 2.2.1.6. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139.
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which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
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