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The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. No known restrictions on publication. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. Dickinson State University. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2014 Visualizing Cultures. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. What impact might this have on its perspective or bias? Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. 203228. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. 730-735 (2008). Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. in: Puck, v. 52, no. [Read Online]. Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Victor Gillam,Judge, January 7, 1899. An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. Orig. [MORE], The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. Library of Congress Duplication Services. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. Co., Puck Bldg. Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of the Maine was appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. https://gmu.zoom.us/j/92187991244, Please download and import the following iCalendar (.ics) files to your calendar system. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. 377. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Her breakthrough was in 1998 with the first episodes of the animated television series (Bakkar) by Cairo Cartoon. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. (ISSN 1961-9898). 11, Issue 40, No. | Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.. Verified questions. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. Brown, Arthur Judson. 301-314 (2010). Illus. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the Golden Rule., Are our teachings, then, in vain? Udo Keppler,Puck, October 3, 1900. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. - Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. What can an observer infer about the role of native Africans in French colonial conquests from "Conquest and Competition" (Visual Source 18.2)?, 3. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". It would have been the largest and most important railway of that continent. Is the item digitized? The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. Xiang, Lanxin. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. Photograph. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages of LAssiette au Beurre to call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Source:Library of Congress. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Translated from Russian. Reference staff can 1 print : chromolithograph. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover of Harpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. title not id. Daggett, Aaron Simon. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. Sitemap Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Reference staff can Title from item. Gambone, Robert L.Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. 4). Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970). Source:Library of Congress. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. 4, pp. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. Translated from Russian. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical, The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. such as microfilm or copy prints? The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Weekly: https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. William H. Walker,Life, April 25, 1901. U.S. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. Freedom and Peace for all Time. ca. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. A Red-Letter Day. - And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in the New York Times on July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The Cape to Cairo Railway was an unfinished project to create a railway line crossing Africa from south to north. This political cartoon was drawn by Edward Linley Sambourne and was published in the 10 December 1892 edition of Punch magazine, appearing beside an article from The Times about a Rhodes plan to extend an electrical telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. 6 reviews. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. I relegated an escort. National Endowment for the Humanties. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Title from item. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. - The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. England, a caricature, multiples hands over countries, Top hat, 2000s stereotypical villain, water, lands countries. From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Chinas hapless young Manchu emperor, traditionally and exotically robed, sits passively in the foreground. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific.

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