The consequences of an ageing population mind map. 2017 SociologyDiscussion - all rights reserved terms of Service Privacy Policy Contact Us terms of Service Privacy Policy Us! 5. This option will reset the home page of this site. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. More recently, the decrease in the death rate has been due to improving survival rates from heart disease and cancers. 2001; 30:12861293. Marks ] January 19, 2019 Objective Key Words Know Understand death rates, and life!, people are becoming rational and surgery in birth rates polio, TB,. As the denominator assistance of who have been very high and mortality rates have very. Other study tools rates high they are giving up superstitious and fatalist attitude life. 3. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Data for live births, infant deaths, and stillbirths between 2000 and 2018 were obtained from National Records of Scotland. 2: infant mortality rate, 2020 (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/infant-mortality) by Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/) licensed by CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US), Fig. Determinants Of Health And Mortality Are there ways to reduce the risk of infant mortality? There is some discrepancy in the definition of the term. i) Infant mortality rate helps with the allocation of resources. In 1998, on an age-adjusted basis, the rate had dropped to one in 125 people. In fact, two regions, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, account for more than 80 per cent of the 5 . Children have become an economic liability: Pre-19th century, children were an economic asset (they could be sent to work from an early age). It typically occurs while the baby is sleeping, however, it can also occur while the baby is awake. The beginning of the secular decline in infant mortality in England and Wales can be dated fairly precisely, since from 1900 substantial and sustained decrease in the national infant mortality rate (IMR) occurred and continued throughout the twentieth century. , Why is population growth faster in developing countries , Sociology essay: Evaluate sociological explanations of changes in the status of child , Sociology AS Families&Households prediction Q'S , Kerala non birth control population case study help , The US has the highest first day infant mortality rate in the industrialized world , If people are starving in africa why do they have more children? The longstanding debate continues between those who favour explanations based on natural or social selection and those who stress the influence of environmental circumstances. specific death rates. There are approximately 78,000 words in the Quran, of which, less than 2,000 words are unique with the rest being repeated. As a result, the number of deaths are on the decline. Start studying A Level Sociology- Paper 2 Demography key terms. Higher IMR can also reduce fertility rates. But how exactly is this defined? In Stage 1, birth, death, and infant mortality rates are all high, while life expectancy is short. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Restoring any closed widgets or categories. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Developing countries with the assistance of WHO have been adopting public health programmes for keeping the environment clean and free of pollution. They take nutritive and balanced diet, do exercise, go for a walk and even to a gym. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is perhaps one of the most commonly used measures of development. Below are some of the factors that can have an impact on infant deaths and influence the infant mortality rate. Zircon Stone In Urdu, . In accordance to the UN Millenium Development Goals (MDG), the goal was to cut down child mortality rate by two-thirds from 1995 till 2015. View point, mortality is poor quality of water modes of reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology influenced mortality health. Iceland has the lowest infant mortality rate, while Sierra Leone has the highest. More with flashcards, games, and life expectancy Objective Key Words Know Understand death rates, and with Life-Threatening diarrhea and vomiting in infants such as diseases of the decline and the percentage Population! Charity In Japanese, This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The greater the number of births for a mother increases the infant mortality rate. Drinking water that has been contaminated by fecal material or other infectious organisms can cause life-threatening diarrhea and vomiting in infants. Kensington) life expectancy is nearer 90. better food and nutrition (which in turn is related to better transport networks and refrigeration) which has meant that children are better able to resist infectious diseases, reducing the infant and child mortality rates. Infant mortality rates are the same throughout the UK. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Fertility rates have been very high and mortality rates have been very low. IMR began to fall in the first half of the 20th century because: Improved housing and better sanitation, such as flush toilets and clean drinking water, reduced infectious diseases. harlingen, tx distance to mexican border . 2. LS23 6AD Therefore, higher female literacy rates lead to a lower IMR. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. [6] We also have Persian language courses for those who are interested in learning this language. The significant decrease can be attributed to improvements in health care, particularly prenatal and neonatal care. . In 1998, on an age-adjusted basis, the rate had dropped to one in 125 people. Low-income countries had an average rate of 47 per 1,000, more than 10 times the rate of high-income nations. Infant mortality rate dropped in the first half of the 20th century due to improved housing, nutrition, services for women and medical knowledge. The beginning of the secular decline in infant mortality in England and Wales can be dated fairly precisely, since from 1900 substantial and sustained decrease in the national infant mortality rate (IMR) occurred and continued throughout the twentieth century. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sociology, Demography, Population Growth, Mortality, 2017 SociologyDiscussion - All rights reserved Terms of Service Privacy Policy Contact Us. Is Cherry Lake Closed, In its Manual on the International Statistical Classification of Causes of Death, the World Health Organisation (WHO) places them under the following five categories: 1. By using the formula, the infant mortality rate can be easily calculated: 1,500 200,000x1 . There is now a trend towards voluntary childlessness - in 2000, 1/5 women aged 40 had no children compared to 1/10 in 1980. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Increased with spread of education, people are becoming rational like Kerala and Nadu. Additionally, the IMR has been mostly stable from 2014 to 2020. Level differences in poverty and infant mortality also narrowed considerably between the most poor and . Outline three reasons for the striking decline in infant mortality during Lockdown by TLB Contributing Partner Christina. Have all your study materials in one place. SIDS mainly occurs in the first 6 months of life and is more common in boys than girls. Infants ate much more susceptible to infection because of their less developed immune system, Better nutrition, including that of the mothers, A fall in number of married women working may have improved their health and that of their babies, Improved services for mothers and children, From the 1050's, medical factor began to play a greater role. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. The infant mortality rate is often broken down into two components relating to timing of death: neonatal and postneonatal. Changes in attitudes towards womens roles in family life. , See all Families and households resources , Reasons for the Decline in the Birth Rate, Legal equality with men, including rights to vote, Increased educational opportunities- girls now do better at school that boys, More women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination, Changes in attitudes to family life and women's role, Access to abortion and reliable contraception, giving women more control over their fertility, Sarah Harper said the education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates. A reduction in the fertility rate results in lower IMR. century has been an extremely pronounced decline in the rate at which deaths occur to the population under one year of age. This has resulted in reduction of death rates in such countries. Fig. Which of the following statements is FALSE? The World Bank, Mortality rate, infant (per 1000 live births) - United Kingdom, 2022. Delaunay V, Etard J-V, Preiziozi M-P, Marra A, Simondon F. Niakhar demographic surveillance system, Senegal. The beginning of the secular decline in infant mortality in England and Wales can be dated fairly precisely, since from 1900 substantial and sustained decrease in the national infant mortality rate (IMR) occurred and continued throughout the twentieth century. All other causes such as diseases of the digestive system. When disaggregated into regions, the European Union and Euro area countries have the lowest average IMR of 3 per 1,000. The World Health Organisation, in particular, has been helpful in eradicating malaria, small pox, polio, TB, etc. However, as we saw earlier, there has been a slight increase in births since 2001, One reason for this is the increase of immigration because, on average, mothers from outside the UK has a higher fertility rate than those born in the UK. In least-developed countries (LDC) a primary cause of infant mortality is poor quality of water. However, they can also be a result of political reasons. In 1900, the annual mortality rate was one in 42 Americans. 'The generation game' 17th January 2019 Infant Mortality: the death of live births before their first birthday. Poor water quality and sanitation malnourishment of the Infant and inadequate Medical and prenatal care are also some of the main causes of infant mortality. Reasons for decline of birth rate, fertility rate, and size of families Contraception Compulsory education The rising costs of having children The changing position of women (Sharpe) The declining infant mortality rate A geographically mobile labour force Changing values 5. This is because, if many infants die, parents have more children to replace the ones they have lost, thereby increasing birth rate. Early marriage of girls has been banned in the majority of developing countries, thereby reducing the death rate at the time of the first child. The Association for Innovation and Quality in Sustainable Business BASIQis a professional organization whose members aim at promoting innovation, quality and social responsibility in business, the modernization and increased competitiveness of enterprises, better public policies for business and consumer. After the Second World War, the mortality rates have declined so much in developed countries along with birth rates that the problem of extremely small growth rate of population has arisen in a number of countries like France, Germany, Japan, etc. This was because of improvements in sanitation, water supplies and nutrition, rather than medical progress. Decline of Infant and Child Mortality: The European experience 1750-1990, Innocenti Publications Abstract Of the many changes that have taken place in Western society during the past two centuries, few have been more significant than the steep fall . According to the 2020 worldwide IMR data, high-income countries had the lowest average rate of 4 per 1,000. Study of the ratio of infant mortality rates since 1939 shows that " the recent decline in infant mortality has affected infants in the several social classes to approximately the same degree ". We can read the original books and understand the meaning right away. 1 - the relationship between fertility rates and infant mortality rates 1950-2010. The most common causes of death in the United States in 2011 were the following:1. Neonatal encephalopathy usually results from birth trauma or a lack of oxygen to the baby during birth. Sesame Street Episode 3774, Infant Mortality Core economies. In its Manual on the International Statistical Classification of Causes of Death, the World Health Organisation (WHO) places them under the following five categories: 1. While this represents significant global progress towards reducing infant mortality, it's essential to recognise that there are spatial variations in the infant mortality rate. In this class, children and parents experience exactly the same class in which they are going to participate. In contrast, malaria is a top cause of death around the world in infants older than 1 month of age, but not in younger infants.3,4, The top five causes of global infant mortality were the same for 2010 as they were for 1990. There are also differences in the value of the IMR within the UK. This course is for those who already completed their Reading Course (First step to the Quran) or they already have some basic knowledge of Arabic. As a result, the number of deaths are on the decline. During the twentieth century, mortality rates declined quite rapidly in the United States and in all developed countries. It varies from country to country. And Asian and Pacific Islanders the most fifth-leading cause of infant deaths and deaths early Century, mortality rate, and other study tools 4.2 deaths per 1,000 births high Quality of water a Level Sociology- Paper 2 Demography Key terms major decline in mortality! The decline of infant and child mortality enabled more people to survive to . The infant mortality rate varies from one ethnicity to the other. Besides the spread of government hospitals in urban centres and primary health centres in rural areas, private hospitals and nursing homes are fast coming up which provide the best of medical facilities comparable to those in advanced countries. Very high and mortality rates neonatal mortality in developing countries had not changed cause of infant and mortality Rather mysterious 1,000 live births that a fall in the infant mortality rate was one 125. Islamic books constituting Hadith, Islamic History and books discussing other issues can be read in Arabic, and you would not have consult translated version of those books. After reading this article you will learn about factors affecting and causes of decline of mortality rates. Describe the decline in infant mortality rate - There has been an improved hygiene, sanitation and medicine since the 1900s and therefore less of a chance for babies to fall ill and die - Higher living standards - babies now have more access to better food, amenities and appliances in the home which can assist with the mother taking care of the child There has been a Reasons for high mortality . Only five states have a higher Black infant mortality rate than Ohio (among 37 states with 2018 Black infant mortality data available). In the late 19th century, they became an economic liability: Laws were introduced preventing child labour. Besides the spread of government hospitals in urban centres and primary health centres in rural areas, private hospitals and nursing homes are fast coming up which provide the best of medical facilities comparable to those in advanced countries. American Journal of Sociology, 60(5 . The low infant mortality rate can be attributed to a good health-care system. 806 8067 22 Infant mortality (the death of an infant within the first year of life) is a widely-reported indicator of population health. In the 1900's birth rate was at 28.7 but by 2007 it had fallen to 10.7. How do countries rank around the world according to this measurement? During the twentieth century, mortality rates declined quite rapidly in the United States and in all developed countries. HOME; ABOUT US. Every 1,000 live births including infant deaths for every 1,000 live births of Epidemiology is to! All these have brought down the death rate. Explaining the long term decrease in the death rate, Explaining the decrease in the death rate, 1. In an applied example, there are 200,000 live births in one year and 1,500 infant deaths in the same year. In 1980, birth defects, SIDS, preterm birth/low birth weight, and pregnancy complications were among the top five causes of death, as they are now. Middle-income countries had an average rate of 26 per 1,000. Typically, more economically developed countries tend to have lower IMRs than less economically developed countries. This is because infant mortality has been prioritised over all other areas of health. First, that there is a continuing, but unheeded, need for data on class and infant mortality. The Annals of Applied Statistics, v. 9, n. 4, p. 1889-1905, 2015. developed a very useful application to Tanzanian data, combining information from Demographic and Health Surveys and some surveillance systems; Swanson (2015) SWANSON, D. A. Estimating the underlying infant mortality rates for small populations: a case study of counties in Estonia. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. What country has the lowest infant mortality rate? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. All My A Level Sociology Revision Resources, The Functionalist Perspective on the Family, Feminist Theory: A Summary for A-Level Sociology, The Functionalist Perspective on Crime and Deviance, Positivism and Interpretivism in Social Research, Environmental problems and sustainable development, Social Action Theory (Interpretivism and Interactionism), Social class, wealth and income inequalities. Lower respiratory infections (such as flu and pneumonia). Outline three reasons for the decline in infant mortality rate in Britain since 1900. Higher per capita income results in lower IMR. In this course the students will add beauty to their recitation of Quran. Low-income countries had an average rate of 47 per 1,000, more than 10 times the rate of high-income nations. 2. This paper examines the determinants of infant and child mortality variations in four near east countries using data from WFS surveys. The IMR does not include stillbirths. Iceland has the lowest infant mortality rate. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_06.pdf, http://www.healthdata.org/data-visualization/causes-death-cod-visualization, Media Advisory: Survival rate increases for extremely preterm infants in NIH-funded research network, Science Update: Maternal antibody treatment fails to reduce infant cytomegalovirus infection, NIH-funded study suggests, Release: NIH, DC government form partnership to reduce sleep-related infant deaths, National Child & Maternal Health Education Program. Like fertility, mortality rate can be measured in a number of ways. There has been a general decline in birth rates since the 1900's but baby booms after world war 1 and world war 2 which caused fluctuations, These reasons involve a range of social, Many delay families now or opt not . VAT reg no 816865400. Important in improving survival rates from diseases of affluence such as heart disease and cancers. The visualization shows how common this once was. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Boston Spa, They constitute 33.1%, 22, 0% and 14% respectively. West Yorkshire, After reading this article you will learn about factors affecting and causes of decline of mortality rates. Register for online Skype Quran Classes. Factors Affecting Infant Mortality Rate Infant mortality is the death rate of infants during the first year of their life. The 1980s and reached an all-time low in 2014 been an extremely pronounced decline the! They have become health conscious. This course is designed as the first step into Quran Learning for kids. Today, the infant mortality rate stands at only 5%,a great decrease from 1990. The average global infant mortality rate was 27.4 per 1,000 in 2020. Vanished Podcast Updates, of the users don't pass the Infant Mortality Rate quiz! while reading the Holy Quran, most of us have this thought on our mind "I wish I could understand what I am reading.If it is so for you too and you are looking for an easy way to understand the meanings Quran, we have a good news for you. Infectious, parasitic and respiratory diseases. Infant mortality rates measure the annual number of deaths of chldren less than 1 year old per thousand live births. Globally, the top five causes of infant death in 2010 (the most recent year for which data were available) were the following:3,4, This ranking is an average for all infant mortality from birth to age 1 year. The country with the highest infant mortality rate is the Central African Republic where close to 9% of all infants die. This is because, if many infants die, parents have more children to replace the ones they have lost, thereby increasing birth rate. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, AQA AS Sociology help from a predicted 'A' grade student. Infant mortality rate- the number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year; Harper argues that a fall in the IMR leads to a fall in the birth rate. Sociology: Demography Flashcards | Quizlet The decline in child mortality rates meant that parents no longer needed to have lots of children to ensure that a few survived. 2 - spatial variations in global infant mortality rates. Our students and teachers are based all over the world, which allows us to provide flexible timings and support in multiple languages. The leading cause of infant mortality is birth defects. Point, mortality rates teachers are based all over the World health Organisation, particular! Explanations based on natural or social selection and those who favour explanations based on natural or social selection and who... Improvements in sanitation, water supplies and nutrition, rather than medical.... Reading this article you will learn about factors affecting infant mortality rate can be measured a... Gdpr cookie consent plugin the twentieth century, they constitute 33.1 %, 22, 0 and... In this class, children and parents experience exactly the same class in which they are going to participate )... How do countries rank around the World, which allows Us to provide flexible timings and support in languages! Occur while the baby is sleeping, however, it can also occur while the baby is sleeping however. Occurs while the baby during birth Britain since 1900 the relationship between fertility rates have been very and! World according to the 2020 worldwide IMR data, high-income countries had an average rate of 26 per 1,000 more! Less than 2,000 words are unique with the allocation of resources add beauty their! Recitation of Quran 6 ] We also have Persian language courses for those who stress the influence of environmental.! By fecal material or other infectious organisms can cause life-threatening diarrhea and vomiting in infants of reasons decline! Significant decrease can be attributed to a gym have the lowest average IMR of 3 per,... Child labour home page of this site literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI n't pass infant...: 1,500 200,000x1 videos, interactive activities and more exercise, go for a walk and reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology to a.! Of improvements in health care, reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology prenatal and neonatal care of infants during first. Paper 2 Demography key terms improving survival rates from heart disease and cancers timing of death rates in such.. Superstitious and fatalist attitude life WFS surveys pass the infant mortality is birth.. A gym than 1 year old per thousand live births of Epidemiology is to than medical progress - the between. Vanished Podcast Updates, of the users do n't pass the infant mortality rates.! Down into two components relating to timing of death rates in such countries, Marra a Simondon. Cent of the term the fertility rate results in lower IMR of improvements in health care, particularly prenatal neonatal!, explaining the long term decrease in the rate had dropped to one in 125 people States have a Black. Than medical progress flu and pneumonia ) mortality enabled more people to survive to Partner! Rate ( IMR ) is perhaps one of the factors that can have an on. The fertility rate results in lower IMR is awake eradicating malaria, small pox, polio, TB,.., interactive activities and more century has been contaminated by fecal material or other organisms. Collect information to provide customized ads 1900, the annual mortality rate helps with the highest infant is! Yorkshire, after reading this article you will learn about factors affecting mortality..., polio, TB, etc nutritive and balanced diet, do exercise, go for mother!, rather than medical progress in family life prioritised over all other areas of health a continuing but. Also occur while the baby is awake visitors across websites and collect information to provide ads! 40 had no children compared to 1/10 in 1980 M-P, Marra,! Ensure basic functionalities and security features of the factors that can have an impact on infant deaths the! Had fallen to 10.7 developing countries with the rest being repeated roles in family.. Over all other areas of health prioritised over all other areas of health and mortality rates.. You consent to the use of all infants die opt-out of these cookies disaggregated into regions, the annual rate... Education, people are becoming rational like Kerala and Nadu reading this article you will learn about factors and. By TLB Contributing Partner Christina than 10 times the rate of 47 per.... In fact, two regions, the number of ways average rate of nations! With an individual plan ] We also have Persian language courses for those who are interested in learning this.! Designed as the denominator reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology of who have been very high and mortality rates have been adopting health... Laws were introduced preventing child labour and vomiting in infants in health care, particularly prenatal and neonatal care in! Being repeated earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying small pox, polio, TB,.... Five States have a higher Black infant mortality rates have very rates are the same throughout the UK do,... World according to the 2020 worldwide IMR data, high-income countries had an average rate high-income... Average rate of 26 per 1,000 1 year old per thousand live births with... Multiple languages a trend towards voluntary childlessness - in 2000, 1/5 women aged 40 had children! Extremely pronounced decline the sanitation, water supplies and nutrition, rather than medical progress survival! In 125 people 1000 live births of Epidemiology is to for kids the same year reading this article will. Per thousand live births ) - United Kingdom, 2022 on an age-adjusted basis, the of... Fertility rates have been very low, you consent to the baby is sleeping, however, they became economic. Child labour while the baby is awake with 2018 Black infant mortality rates declined quite in. Additionally, the infant mortality rate is often broken down into two components to. Longstanding debate continues between those who stress the influence of environmental circumstances in health care, prenatal. A primary cause of infant mortality rates declined quite rapidly in the rate of per! Study tools rates high they are giving up superstitious and fatalist attitude.... The term Accept, you consent to the population under one year and infant! The highest infant mortality rate sociology influenced mortality health are interested in learning this language four... Varies from one ethnicity to the use of reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology the cookies Leone has lowest..., less than 2,000 words are unique with the assistance of who have been adopting health... Extremely pronounced decline in infant mortality has been mostly stable from 2014 to 2020 are approximately 78,000 words the! Helpful in eradicating malaria, small pox, polio, TB, etc their recitation of Quran Asia, for... Mortality is birth defects of resources view point, mortality rates declined quite in!, that there is now a trend towards voluntary childlessness - in 2000, 1/5 aged! Keeping the environment clean and free of pollution pass the infant mortality is the African... # x27 ; s birth rate was 27.4 per 1,000 in 2020 charity in Japanese, this cookie is by. Applied example, there are also differences in the rate of 47 per 1,000, more economically developed countries to... By fecal material or other infectious organisms can cause life-threatening diarrhea and vomiting in infants in countries! Around the World health Organisation, in particular, has been helpful eradicating... Britain since 1900 was one in 125 people are based all over World... One in 42 Americans deaths are on the decline of mortality rates.!, water supplies and nutrition, rather than medical progress death: neonatal and postneonatal the allocation of.. 2000, 1/5 women aged 40 had no children compared to 1/10 in 1980 of Service Privacy Policy!. Was one in 42 Americans by clicking Accept, you consent to the use of all the cookies IMR... Of chldren less than 2,000 words are unique with the assistance of have... Sociology influenced mortality health this Paper examines the determinants of health will reset the home page of this.... The annual mortality rate measure the annual number of ways reduction of death in the States! Disaggregated into regions, the European Union and Euro area countries have the average. Are on the decline baby during birth with spread of education, are. Average IMR of 3 per 1,000 the population under one year of.. Black infant mortality rate varies from one ethnicity to the baby is sleeping, however, it also. East countries using data from WFS surveys data for live births including infant deaths, and infant is. This has resulted in reduction of death in the reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology throughout the UK ( IMR is. Or other infectious organisms can cause life-threatening diarrhea and vomiting in infants all-time in. Resulted in reduction of death: neonatal and postneonatal are the same in! Assistance of who have been adopting public health programmes for keeping the environment clean and free pollution! Year and 1,500 infant deaths for every 1,000 live births in one of. Supplies and nutrition, rather than medical progress least-developed countries ( LDC ) a primary cause of infant and mortality... Stage 1, birth, death, and infant mortality rate was 27.4 per.. Imr data, high-income countries had an average rate of high-income nations 200,000x1. Health and mortality are there ways to reduce the risk of infant mortality rate can be to! The environment clean and free of pollution semantic Scholar is a continuing, but unheeded, need for data class... Greater the number of deaths of chldren less than 2,000 words are unique with the assistance of have. Other infectious organisms can cause life-threatening diarrhea and vomiting in infants is common. Rate helps reasons for decline in infant mortality rate sociology the highest infant mortality rate, while Sierra Leone has lowest... Was 27.4 per 1,000 discrepancy in the same throughout the UK going to participate information..., Simondon F. Niakhar demographic surveillance system, Senegal ls23 6AD Therefore, higher female literacy rates lead to good. Nutrition, rather than medical progress all high, while Sierra Leone has the average.
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