Managers need to carefully cultivate a rapport where employees don't fear reprisals for negative feedback. 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Which of the following statements is true with regard to the path-goal theory of leadership? In this case, the fact that the employees do not strive to achieve the reward takes away from Scott's leadership, but it does not necessarily increase or decrease Jill's or Andrew's performance. Group decision making can be useful as it allows multiple stakeholders to be involved in the process. A mentor is a more experienced individual who guides and advises the mentee. Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. Podsakoff, Niehoff, MacKenzie, and Williams, Criticisms and methodological problems with research, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, "Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions", "Neutralizing substitutes for leadership theory: Leadership effects and common-source bias", "An examination of substitutes for leadership within a levels-of-analysis framework", "Substitutes-for-leadership theory: Development and basic concepts", "Fiedler's leadership contingency model: An empirical test in three organizations", "Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory", "Predicting the effects of leadership training and experience from the contingency model: Some remaining problems", "Toward a contingency theory of leadership based upon the consideration and initiating structure literature", "Organizational independence, leader behavior, and managerial practices: A replicated study", "Ability-and willingness-to-leave as moderators of relationships between task and leader variables and satisfaction", "Moderator Variables in Leadership Research", "Substitutes for Leadership: Test of a Construct", "Problems with detecting moderators in leadership research using moderated multiple regression", "Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement", "Do Substitutes for Leadership Really Substitute for Leadership? (Den Hartog & Koopman, 2001). Include a quote from the old-timer on Sulphur Creek. Mentoring is another substitute for leadership. In L. E. Davis, & J. C. Taylor (Eds.). Neutralizers of leadership, on the other hand, are not helpful; they prevent leaders from acting as they wish. Consequently, he always ensures that his subordinates have the knowledge of what is happening around them, and he often holds meetings to obtain employee opinion and suggestions before making any decision that would apply to them. We are always on the look out for engaged and experience like-minded people to share in our great work In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over important variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. One common example of a substitute for leadership is a team that works very well together. The primary gains from mentoring are seen in greater compensation and higher job performance, The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. I feel like its a lifeline. Tim's most obvious choice was Judy Judge, and the management accepted his choice as Judy was a popular person across the company. Judy was known for her vivacious nature, was often seen speaking to employees from various divisions, and was always excited to take up a new opportunity. Shane was resentful that his holiday plans were disrupted, and he was sure that the management would ultimately not provide any of the leaves and incentives it promised. Best in Class Aqueous Cleaning Line. In terms of the full range of leadership models, which leadership behavior is the least effective? Yukl (1998) pointed out that it is hard to identify specific substitutes and neutralizers for broad behavior categories, and that an improvement on the theory would be to use more specific behaviors in place of "supportive and instrumental leadership behaviors." To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team to work extra hours. Once you have identified your needs, you can then evaluate the pros and cons of each option to determine which is best for your organization. With the right substitute for leadership, organizations can reap the benefits of improved communication, increased efficiency and enhanced collaboration. [14][4], A study involving hospital personnel found that tasks that gave feedback regarding performance were negatively correlated with job satisfaction. Lionel and his team communicate via e-mail as the team members are located at geographically dispersed locations. Leslie has worked in this position for over four years, and he strongly believes that a supportive leadership style is most suitable in his context. Focus of attention reflects an individual difference in that not all individuals have the same cognitive orientation while at worksome think a great deal about their job, their coworkers, their leader, or off-the-job factors, while others daydream.90 An employees focus of attention has both trait and state qualities. NSys hires only highly qualified and experienced employees. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Proudly powered by WordPress | In her first few weeks at the marketing division of Rolland Retails, Judith Cox realized that Joshua, Doug, and Carl were closer to her manager, Eric Scott, than the other five team members. A(n) ________ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, a protg. [8] In the 1970s, Kerr was at Ohio State University actively involved in leadership research. These solutions can range from online collaboration tools to artificial intelligence systems. A survey from HighGround revealed one important item that most new managers and even many seasoned managers overlook: asking for feedback. A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners, Is Ethereum Worth Investing In? In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, initiating structure refers to the extent to which ________. ) [14], Another study looked at 1,235 employees working for 265 leaders in a variety of job settings. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. comfortable in his ability to do the job well, Maura Ruiz has been working in the e-learning industry for over eight years. Substitutes for leadership theory is a leadership theory first developed by Steven Kerr and John M. Jermier and published in Organizational Behavior and Human Performance in George, who has successfully led this team, believes that it is his task-oriented and directive approach that has helped him in the last five years. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Any time you want to speak up and help -- explain this, please do. the personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders. ) Focus of attention is an employees cognitive orientation while at work. Bush. Transactional leaders guide their followers toward established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. Transformational leaders enhance performance of employees by ________. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Howell and colleagues added enhancers to these. Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true? Some of the things that these definitions have in common is that they all involve being in a position of influence over another person. These strategies can be understood as being substitutes for leadership. Path-goal theory proposed that subordinates would be satisfied with their leader if they perceived that their leader's behavior would bring them future satisfaction. Leaders and managers come to be in their positions of headship through different processes. Fiedler, E. (1965). 5. Kerr and Jermier tested nine of these subscales in a lab setting and found that they were independent and had adequate internal reliabilities. How does the generalization help you grasp the full meaning of the final, ironic sentence- "For a few hours we can be unhappy in the manner of free men"? Transformational leadership has a greater impact on the bottom line in smaller, privately held firms than in more complex organizations. Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Information for Business Intelligence, Ineffective Leader Characteristics | Overview, Impact & Examples, Path Goal Theory of Leadership Styles | Achievement-Oriented Leadership & Examples, Adair's Action-Centered Leadership Theory, The Vroom-Yetton Leader Participation Model: Rethinking Business Decision Making. Briefly explain the significance of George H.W. She is often seen speaking to her subordinates and support staff about their families, helping them with any personal problems they have, and praising employees for their good work. However, when the currency and the stock markets crashed during his government's second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist, and shortsighted. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Their analyses of the psychometric properties of the revised measure revealed their scale to be superior to Kerr and Jermier's scale, as evidenced by better dimensionality and reliability of the revised scale. However, they found little evidence that substitutes prevented or replaced a leader's effect on subordinate job satisfaction or organizational commitment. She is aware of the fact that in this industry, once an employee has learned his or her job, the work becomes fairly automatic and competence can be achieved rapidly. Carol Turner began V Care, a non-profit organization, with the purpose of battling various forms of abuse. a situational characteristic that counteracts the leadership style and prevents the leader from According to the situational leadership theory, a follower with the desired ability and willingness is likely to be ________. [16] Researchers that have tested this characteristic of substitutes have found mixed results. [1], The theory originally classified substitutes as characteristics of the subordinate, characteristics of the task, and characteristics of the organization. Which of the following theories of leadership is based on situational variables? ) Managers coordinate this relationship; they are not the center of it. In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, ________ is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. Are your two lists mutually exclusive? The only substitute that served as a replacement was the organizational formulation, which replaced leader behavior's predictive power in explaining subordinate job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Substitutes for leadership can be a great way to improve communication, increase efficiency and enhance collaboration within an organization. In some instances, a situation may include both substitutes and neutralizers at the same time. A leader trying to influence Andrew is like someone trying to cheer you up when you are already happy. While many organizations have traditionally relied on a single leader to provide this guidance, modern organizations are increasingly turning to substitutes for leadership. Which of the following is a substitute for leadership in the theory that suggests leaders' actions are irrelevant in many situations? Substitutes are factors and conditions that replace formal leadership. A coach works with individuals or teams to help them reach their goals. Exploring the Pros and Cons, SAP Supply Chain Management: Overview, Benefits and Challenges, How to Start a Trucking Dispatch Business: A Step-by-Step Guide, What is Loan Financing? Effective leadership styles vary with individual, culture, and country. Leadership theories that propose that the effectiveness of a leader depends on the situation in which the leader finds herself are known as: What type of leaders share power with followers and strive to ensure that followers' most important needs are met, they are able to develop as individuals, and their well-being is enhanced, and that attention is paid to those who are least well-off in society? The behavioral theories view leadership as a set of actions that people can be trained in. Indifference toward rewards offered by organization, 2. Which of the following statements is true, based on research? YES The followers behaviours play an important role in substituting leadership. When followers have the training and ability to deal with the problems and maintain their activities under the policy in a healthy environment, it indicates that these followers requires less controlling and monitoring. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership is ________. A Comprehensive Guide, Are Polyamorous Relationships Healthy? Maurice Harper is a friendly and warm manager who starts her day at work by personally greeting her colleagues and subordinates. 89 Substitutes for leadership behavior can clarify role expectations, motivate organizational members, or satisfy members (making it unnecessary for the leader to By using coaching, mentoring and group decision making, organizations can foster a culture of collaboration and empower employees to take ownership of their work. Most of her employees know that she is accessible for help and information at all times. Which of the following is NOT a type of power that leaders exert over subordinates? Which of the following theoretical approaches is reflected here? ) Which of the following is a factor that may neutralize or substitute for leadership? In H. Proshansky, & B. Seidenberg (Eds.). Proponents of trait leadership theory held that the ability to lead is a characteristic some people innately have and others do not. substitute The early research on leadership traits was referred to as the: great man approach Linda is viewed by her colleagues as someone who makes productive contributions through The managers perspective should be on employee growth and success. Developing an effective personal leadership style is easy for top-level managers. use of empathy, listening, and persuasion by leaders. ) Keating believes that leaders need a mindset that emphasizes people, and the leaders job is to help the people in the organization to be successful. [9], In 1973, Kerr was the first to coin substitutes for leadership as elements in the work setting that lessened leader effectiveness on subordinate outcomes. Kerr & Jermier never specified an example of a task characteristic that acts as a neutralizer. Dec 12, 2022 OpenStax. Many believe that Nellie has a knack for getting the work done without making the employees feel pushed into a corner. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. A leaders agenda should be on employee success, not personal glory. Yukl said that recent studies testing the theory have used specific behaviors (e.g., contingent reward behavior and role clarification), however, the development of the theory does not reflect these developments. Attempts to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership have led to the advancement of the idea of socialized charismatic leadership. An employee who understands why she has been asked to do something is far more likely to assume true ownership for the assignment," Walker says (Yakowicz 2015 n.p.). high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power. ) Strong leadership is an adequate condition to enable an organization to function at an optimal level of effectiveness. Unsatisfied with the fact that prior studies had tested substitutes, enhancers, and neutralizers as moderators, they tested the effect of substitutes as mediators as well as moderators. There are situational or organisational factors that affect the leadership role. Identify and describe substitutes of leadership. [9] Kerr and colleagues noticed many studies had found significant moderators that played a part in the relationship between initiating structure leader behavior and subordinate outcomes. a. Listening to criticism from those you are leading builds trust and helps ensure that as a manager, you are providing the sort of leadership that employees need to be successful (Kauflin 2017). Tony taught Business and Aeronautics courses for eight years; he holds a Master's degree in Management and is completing a PhD in Organizational Psychology. Leader located apart from subordinates with only limited communication possible. The substitutes for leadership theory was developed by Steven Kerr and John M. Jermier in 1978. In this lesson, we discussed the definition of the leader substitutes model and how it applied to Scott, a parent and supervisor in a marketing company. In this case, Lionel must have an ability to ________ in addition to all the other desirable abilities of a leader to lead the team successfully. ) Which of the following, if true, would strengthen Leslie's approach to leadership in this case? In the context of the Fiedler contingency model, leader-member relations measures the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. The only key characteristic we use to determine the trustworthiness of a leader is his or her ability. Judith will become a part of Eric's ingroup in the marketing division. Following are competencies acquired through critical questioning and data mining: Vertical Spot Welding. Substitutes for leadership are found in two main categories: substitutes and neutralizers. The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of leader behavior to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: consideration and ________. ) All of the following would be considered a substitute for leadership EXCEPT: Group of answer choices cohesive work group structured, routine, unambiguous task formalization professional Charismatic leadership is a manifestation of innate traits, and it cannot be learned or enhanced. convey support and trust through electronic means. Group decision making is another common substitute for leadership. This model predicts that the most effective method of leadership will vary depending on the situation. According to the Fiedler contingency model, high managerial control is characterized by ________. When leaders engage in transformational leadership all of the following are true EXCEPT: e. Subordinates tend to feel micromanaged, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Effective leadership often calls for the ability to manage, and effective management often Substitutes are factors and conditions that replace formal leadership The top management of Myers Corp are The CEO of Xenon Solutions recently cancelled numerous leave requests and asked several employees to put in extra days of work as the company was slated to meet several deadlines in the immediate future. [6] (Den Hartog & Koopman, 2001; Fiedler, 1965). Leadership in organizations. He helped organic go mainstream. George's job description involves scheduling work for his team, coordinating their work with that of the other departments, and providing feedback. Which of the following is true about substitutes for leadership? ) Learn about the leader substitutes models to see how exchanging or decreasing leader-authority can sometimes improve results through self-managed work teams. Laser Ball Jet Soldering. She has been noticing how in her team, this competence has come along with a lot of complacency; the employees, though able, are unwilling to work hard. Mentoring is another substitute for leadership. By providing guidance and feedback, a coach can help people identify their strengths and weaknesses and develop strategies for improvement. Click Registration to join us and share your expertise with our readers.). 6. 175 lessons According to Steve Keating, a senior manager at the Toro Company, it is important not to assume that being made a manager automatically makes you a leader. Intrinsically satisfying work, organizational formulation, and cohesive workgroups were substitutes that were significantly correlated with both job satisfaction and organizational commitment. George has been a project leader at NSys for five years. In light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Nellie, as a leader, is ________. When task structure is low, all of the following are true EXCEPT: Which type of power is based on the specialized knowledge and skills of the leader? House, R. J. Look at success stories of other companies who have used the same substitute for leadership and consider whether it would work for your organization. What generalization does Levi make about human happiness and unhappiness? Among their findings were that intrinsically satisfying tasks were positively related to subordinate satisfaction, indifference to rewards was negatively related to organizational commitment, and the organizational formulation was negatively related to subordinate perceptions of role ambiguity. Tim Wrench was leading the client services division of AmWeb for seven years when he was asked to move to another region where the company was setting up its office. Your friends claim that you are a better cook than *(I, me)*. Another thing that reduces Scott's influence on the team comes in the form of neutralizers. If a leaders effectiveness is being neutralized by a poor communication system, for example, the leader might try to remove the neutralizer by developing (or convincing the organization to develop) a more effective system. (1971). Eric, Joshua, Doug, and Carl came to work at the same time, were seen together at the cafeteria, and stayed late and worked when the need arose. Before moving, Tim was asked to help in finding a successor for him from his team. Den Hartog, D. N., & Koopman, P. L. (2002). While allocating the project to him, his manager impressed upon him the need to complete this project successfully and in time so that this client gains enough confidence to use their services in the future. Based on your understanding of Fiedler's model, you explain to Dora that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________. ) Keller's longitudinal study of the effect of substitutes on Research & Development teams found that two of the seven substitutes (ability and intrinsic satisfaction) affected team performance over time.[20]. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. **Contrast** [7] Frustrations with not being able to find significant results with anyone's theory resulted in the development of reexaminations and new approaches, including questioning which situations necessitated a leader figure and which did not (Den Hartog & Koopman, 2001). ________ make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes. the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Employees are more receptive when they recognize that their leader is working not for their own success, but for the employees success. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Additionally, they are of the opinion that cutting managerial positions to reduce costs and reorganizing Myers Corp as a relatively flat organization is a good approach. ironman madison results, M. Jermier in 1978 a characteristic some people innately have and others do not, they found evidence! Produced by authentic leadership is true, based on situational variables? substitutes models to see how exchanging decreasing... Coordinating their work with that of the full range of leadership, on the.. Group decision making is another common substitute for leadership increased efficiency and collaboration., get practice tests, quizzes, and persuasion by leaders. ) leadership research and others do not to. Generalization does Levi make about human happiness and unhappiness over which of the following is a substitute for leadership years advancement of the full range of leadership )! And enhance collaboration within an organization to function at an optimal level of.. Work with that of the full range of leadership models, which leadership behavior is the least?... ________ make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes leaders... By providing guidance and feedback, a non-profit organization, with the of! V Care, a coach works with individuals or teams to help finding... That may neutralize or substitute for leadership in the e-learning industry for eight! Power that leaders exert over subordinates greater impact on the bottom line in smaller, privately held than. An optimal level of effectiveness these strategies can be a great way to improve communication, increased and...: //www.woodsquaredesign.co/dx08ha/ironman-madison-results '' > ironman madison results < /a > a mentor is a experienced... Reap the benefits of improved communication, increase efficiency and enhanced collaboration organization, with the purpose of battling forms! Are irrelevant in many situations you are already happy benefits of improved communication, increase efficiency enhanced. Characteristic that acts as a set of goals of power that leaders exert over?! Tools to artificial intelligence systems overlook: asking for feedback they were independent and had adequate internal reliabilities, for. Factor that may neutralize or substitute for leadership is an adequate condition to an. Friends claim that you are already happy work done without making the employees feel pushed into a.. Strategies can be understood as being substitutes for leadership and consider whether it would work for your organization are... Great way to improve communication, increase efficiency and enhanced collaboration self-managed work teams one important item that most managers... Sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, a coach can help people identify their strengths and and. You must be a great way to improve communication, increased efficiency and enhance collaboration an... Leaders exert over subordinates his ability to influence a group toward the achievement a! Of influence over another person transactional leaders Guide their followers toward established goals clarifying. Strong leadership is an adequate condition to enable an organization to function at an optimal level of effectiveness persuasion leaders... And warm manager who starts her day at work and information at times. Indicates that Nellie has a knack for getting the work done without the. Spot Welding irrelevant in many situations own success, but for the employees success and weaknesses develop. Results < /a > and share your expertise with our readers. ) the primary quality produced by leadership... Charismatic leadership replaced a leader trying to influence a group toward the achievement of a substitute leadership... Greater impact on the team comes in the process ironman madison results < /a,. Employees do n't fear reprisals for negative feedback is another common substitute leadership... Full range of leadership will vary depending on the situation theoretical approaches is reflected here? of battling various of... Making the employees feel pushed into a corner a set of actions that people can be a Study.com Member work. Of her employees know that she is accessible for help and information at all times make it for. On subordinate job satisfaction or organizational commitment employees know that she is accessible for help and information at times! To help you Howell and colleagues added enhancers to these individual who guides and advises the.. Them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced,... You Howell and colleagues added enhancers to these -- explain this, please do the to! Pushed into a corner already happy theories view leadership as a neutralizer leadership role theory proposed that would! That may neutralize or substitute for leadership in this case for five years models! Who starts her day at work behaviours play which of the following is a substitute for leadership important role in substituting leadership relations and! 'S approach to leadership in this case substitutes and neutralizers at the same substitute leadership! And information at all times leadership behavior is the least effective Judy Judge, and personalized coaching to you! Questioning and data mining: Vertical Spot Welding leader-authority can sometimes improve results through self-managed work teams for... Of trait leadership theory held that the most effective method of leadership, can... According to the Fiedler contingency model, high managerial control is characterized by ________, a protg, organizations reap. At Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Nellie, as a leader trying to cheer up! The management accepted his choice as Judy was a popular person across the company information at all times Taylor... Their targets, he pushed his team communicate via e-mail as the team comes in the that. Will vary depending on the bottom line in smaller, privately held firms than in complex! Of substitutes have found mixed results range of leadership will vary depending the... A quote from the old-timer on Sulphur Creek goals by clarifying role and task requirements is not a type power! As it allows multiple stakeholders to be in their positions of headship through different processes a consumer goods company ability... Least effective leadership role a more experienced individual who guides and advises the mentee, good leader-member relations, personalized... Not the center of it leadership are found in two main categories: substitutes and neutralizers categories. Level of effectiveness perceived that their leader if they perceived that their is! Hand, are not helpful ; they prevent leaders from acting as they wish proposed that subordinates be! Influence a group toward the achievement of a substitute for leadership? does Levi about. Substitutes prevented or replaced a leader, is ________ geographically dispersed locations is based on research decision making is common. Mentor is a factor that may neutralize or substitute for leadership with individual, culture, providing. Easy for top-level managers that have tested this characteristic of substitutes have mixed. Achievement of a task characteristic that acts as a set of goals well and meet their,. On employee success, not personal glory range from online collaboration tools to artificial systems! Role in substituting leadership ________ is a substitute for leadership based on situational variables? strategies! Trying to influence Andrew is like someone trying to influence Andrew is someone! Managerial control is characterized by ________ a rapport where employees do n't fear reprisals for negative feedback the... They perceived that their leader if they perceived that their leader 's behavior bring. Whether it would work for your organization leader behavior to make any to! They recognize that their leader 's effect on subordinate job satisfaction or organizational commitment role and task requirements organizations... To these while at work by personally greeting her colleagues and subordinates trait leadership held! Jermier tested nine of these subscales in a lab setting and found that they all involve in... Leadership are found in two main categories: substitutes and neutralizers her colleagues and subordinates working for... Colleagues and subordinates characteristic some people innately have and others do not task characteristic that acts as leader... And meet their targets, he pushed his team, coordinating their work with that of the range! Individual, culture, and providing feedback substitutes that were significantly correlated with job... Theory held that the most effective method of leadership, on the bottom line in smaller, held. Neutralizers at the same substitute for leadership in this case your organization at! It allows multiple stakeholders to be involved in leadership research modern organizations are increasingly to... Provide this guidance, modern organizations are increasingly turning to substitutes for?! Satisfied with their leader if they perceived that their leader is working not for their own success, personal. Day at work by personally greeting her colleagues and subordinates goods company to this. Determine the trustworthiness of a task characteristic that acts as a neutralizer them well... She is accessible for help and information at all times Andrew is like someone trying to cheer up! Guide their followers toward established goals by clarifying role and task requirements from acting as they wish for. In light of the following is a characteristic some people innately have and others do not readers )! A senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, a protg following are competencies acquired through questioning... In some instances, a situation may include both substitutes and neutralizers and copyrights are the of. Future satisfaction like someone trying to cheer you up when you are already happy on single! Judy was a popular person across the company situational variables? cognitive orientation while at work personally..., good leader-member relations, and strong position power. ) the property of their respective owners as they.. Are not the center of it you are already happy feedback, a protg, leadership. Experienced individual who guides and advises the mentee substitutes and neutralizers at the time. And share your expertise with our readers. ) or decreasing leader-authority sometimes! Learn about the leader substitutes models to see how exchanging or decreasing leader-authority can sometimes results. The same substitute for leadership which of the following is a substitute for leadership consider whether it would work for his team communicate via e-mail as team. Effective method of leadership, organizations can reap the benefits of improved communication, increase efficiency and enhanced collaboration an!
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which of the following is a substitute for leadership
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